ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT

Date: June 9, 1999
Author/Local: R. Malkin/7745
RTS No. 334
CC File No. 5560

Council: June 22, 1999

TO:	Vancouver City Council
FROM:	General Manager of Engineering Services in Consultation with the Director of City Plans
SUBJECT:	Transportation System Monitoring

RECOMMENDATION

A. THAT an improved transportation monitoring program as outlined in this report and summarized in Appendix C (including a full time Civil Engineer I position), be approved, with an annual expenditure of $148,000 starting in 2000 (in the operating budget, without offset).

B. THAT this program be funded in 1999 at a level of $114,500, including $56,500 as an adjusted expenditure for the remainder of the year, and a one time startup cost of $58,000 (in the operating budget, without offset).

C. That Engineering and Planning report back on a detailed program for monitoring neighbourhood transportation activity, in order to prioritize the allocation of local transportation planning resources and assist in conducting local area studies.

D. THAT staff report back in early 2000 on details and funding of a commercial/retail pedestrian study for consideration in the 2000 budget.

E. THAT the Greater Vancouver Transportation Authority (GVTA) be requested to undertake regional monitoring including major travel surveys, screen line counts, and studies regarding travel time, goods movement and transit, and other activities, as outlined in Appendix D of this report.

F. THAT ICBC be requested to expedite the provision of accident data.

COUNCIL POLICY

The City of Vancouver Transportation Plan, approved on May 27, 1997, includes the following policies:

3.10.1 The Engineering and Planning departments will undertake regular monitoring and reviews of transportation services and use, to establish how transportation patterns are developing, and to recommend additional policies and measures needed to achieve the Transportation Plan policies and targets.

3.10.2 The Engineering and Planning Departments will undertake a regular review of Transportation Plan implementation which will be a basis for recommendations for transportation components in the City’s 3 year Capital Plan.

SUMMARY

The 1997 City Transportation Plan contains a recommendation to begin an annual program of monitoring and reporting. This report recommends a package of improved monitoring activities to be conducted in the City and regionally.

The proposed City monitoring program includes improved data collection for pedestrians, bicyclists, general traffic, trucks and parking. In addition, funding is provided for staff to conduct the monitoring program, evaluate progress made, and report on actions required to achieve Transportation Plan goals. As summarized in Appendix C, the proposed additional annual City monitoring expenditure, starting in 1999, would be $148,000. There would be additional one-time startup costs for 1999 of $58,000.

In addition, the report recommends that studies of commercial/retail pedestrian volumes, travel times, and downtown parking be conducted at regular intervals (every 5 or 10 years), in conjunction with GVTA data collection processes. Staff will report separately on these items to obtain funding in the year of implementation. The commercial/retail pedestrian volume study is recommended for consideration in the year 2000.

It is also recommended the GVRD and GVTA conduct/coordinate an enhanced regional data collection program (Appendix D) in order to provide a ongoing record of transportation activity including trip modes, origins/destinations, travel times, goods movement, and transit crowding and reliability.

The regional transportation system serves close to two million residents, travelling in more than a million vehicles, on over 10,000 kilometres of roads, trackage and ferry lanes, at a total cost of several billion dollars annually. In this context, the proposed additional City monitoring costs (about the cost of two traffic signals) are relatively small. Overall the proposed regional monitoring funding requirements would likely be increased but in the same order of magnitude as historical GVRD/BC Transit expenditure levels.

PURPOSE

The purpose of this report is to recommend the approval of an enhanced transportation monitoring program, as directed in the Vancouver Transportation Plan.

BACKGROUND

In 1993 the GVRD completed Transport 2021 - A Long Range Transportation Plan for Greater Vancouver. The development of this Plan required a good understanding of an array of current and historical land use and transportation information.

In 1997, Council adopted the City of Vancouver Transportation Plan which outlines an overall transportation strategy, set of policies and related actions. Policies include an increased emphasis on transit, limited expectation of increased overall road capacity, efficient goods movement, local neighborhood traffic calming, and a more comfortable biking and walking environment. The Plan also developed targets (Appendix B) for the City using similar information that was used to develop Transport 2021. In fact, achieving the targets in the Vancouver Transportation Plan assumes the implementation and success of Transport 2021. Regular monitoring of the transportation system is a major element of the plan, with a number of specific actions listed in Appendix A.

On Dec 9, 1997, Council reviewed the Transportation Plan action items scheduled for completion in 3 years and recommended:

“ That the General Manager of Engineering Services and the General Manager of Community Services report back early in 1998 on a Plan to collect data and monitor changes to the Transportation System; the report back to include an implementation plan to measure compliance.”

Staff reported in 1998 on the cost of a monitoring program relative to other priorities (Rapid Transit, Downtown Transportation Plan). This report describes the requirements for data collection and monitoring.

INTRODUCTION

It is important to understand how the transportation system is functioning, and to be able to assess if current trends and proposed changes are consistent with transportation policy.

The ability to understand the system is only as good as the level of information available. A good monitoring program has many elements ranging from sophisticated region-wide origin/destination surveys, to a simple count of traffic on local residential streets experiencing “rat running” pressures from adjacent heavily traveled major arterials. This information has to be collected by the GVRD, GVTA, and member municipalities.

The report below recommends enhanced Regional (GVRD/GVTA) and City monitoring programs.

REGIONAL MONITORING

The emerging Greater Vancouver Transportation Authority (GVTA) will be assuming responsibility for regional transportation policy development and plan implementation. The GVTA is required, within 18 months, to develop a Strategic Transportation Plan.

It is important that the GVRD continue to monitor the success of the Livable Region Strategic (Land Use) Plan, and that the GVTA continue and expand on the collection of transportation data. Certainly, the proposed co-management of the Major road Network (MRN) between the GVTA and the City is dependent on knowing the number of people projected and actually moving on the MRN.

This report recommends the GVTA carry out the following (See Appendix D for a more comprehensive description):

· Major travel surveys including telephone interviews, trip diary surveys, etc.
· Transit surveys and usage counts
· Screen line vehicle occupancy and classification counts
· Travel time/delay/congestion surveys
· Goods movement surveys
· monitoring auto ownership, vehicle usage (e.g. kilometres driven), performance measures (e.g. vehicle kilometres/capita), and environmental, land use and demographic indicators.
· Improvements to the Regional transportation model.

It is proposed that City and GVTA staff work together with the other municipalities (through one of the existing staff committees) to standardize and coordinate the data collection and modeling activities for the region and member municipalities.

CITY MONITORING

In addition to the regional data collection program, it is important the City expand its own monitoring program. The City currently collects the minimum data necessary to operate its own facilities. For example, intersections with traffic signals are monitored once every 2 years to ensure the signals are operating correctly, and special counts are taken on bicycle routes and in neighbourhoods with potential vehicle shortcutting. From time to time, special studies such as pedestrian densities have been undertaken.

However, this program has been reduced in successive budget management plans. In order to achieve Transportation Plan objectives, the following is recommended:

1. Annual Monitoring Programs.

The following are enhancements to data collection programs that would be conducted in whole or in part every year:

- Intersection Volume Counts (Pedestrians, Bicycles, Motor Vehicles)

Intersections are currently counted manually in the peak periods, at all arterial intersections every 2 years, at an annual cost of $60,000. This information is essential for designing and adjusting signal timings, and other traffic planning functions.

It is proposed to expand the scope and timeliness of this information by counting a few key intersections on an annual basis, and to expand the program to other time periods at locations where midday and weekend congestion is becoming a concern. To do this, the City’s annual operating budget would be increased by $15,000.

- Bicycle Monitoring Program (Arterials, Bikeways, Local Streets)

The City has spent in the order of $5 million on improving bicycle facilities. Limited usage information is available on these facilities. It is anticipated

that satisfactory data regarding trip origins/destinations and peak period bicycle volume data on arterials would be provided by the Regional and City programs discussed above. However, more data would be useful on bicycle volume patterns, growth and variations (throughout the day and seasons), and on safety, travel times, bylaw compliance, and resident/cyclist attitudes.

This data has been collected when required for specific projects and studies. However, it is recommended a more complete and ongoing data collection program be provided at an additional cost of $12,000 per year.

- Automatic Vehicle Counts on Arterials

Vehicles on the arterial street network are counted on a 24 hour basis, by automatic counters. Most locations are counted once every 2 years, although traffic entering and leaving the Downtown and the City is counted annually. The current annual expenditure for this program is about $60,000.

This program has been criticized as not providing sufficient and accurate enough data, most recently during the review of the Vancouver/Richmond Rapidbus. As a result, the consideration of some transportation planning issues has been made more complicated and uncertain.

It is proposed to improve the accuracy and reliability of this information by counting all locations every year, at an additional cost of $29,000 annually. Ten more automatic counters would be required, at a one time cost of $20,000.

Traffic volume information is required on a continuous basis throughout the year at some locations in order to determine daily and seasonal volume variations. To improve the quality and quantity of the data, and the cost effectiveness of data collection, it is proposed that the Traffic Signal Management System be used to collect the data and that inductive roadway loops be installed at 6 representative locations in the City. The cost of the installations would be $26,000.

- Goods Movement (Trucks)

Efficient goods movement is vital to the City and Region. For example, the need for good access to industrial and commercial sectors such as the

Central Area, the Port of Vancouver and Vancouver Airport is represented in the Transportation Plan. It is proposed that the City monitor truck activity on City arterials on a 5 year cycle. As discussed above and in Appendix D, it is recommended the GVTA coordinate a regional goods movement survey every 5 years. This will provide information required to assess goods movement industry needs and address residents’ concerns about truck traffic on their streets. The City cost would be $17,000 annually.

- Parking Inventory

The Transportation Plan contemplates using parking controls to limit the growth of auto traffic. Good data is required in order to manage the parking supply in the Downtown, and for general transportation planning (e.g., as a basis for making decisions regarding parking policy, bylaw standards and capital investments).

Currently, downtown parking supply, demand, pricing and some land use data are collected on a 2 year cycle. Parking meter data is collected annually. The cost of these programs is $6,000. It is recommended these programs be expanded to include the Central Broadway area at an additional annual cost of $3000.

2. Periodically Conducted Transportation Studies

It is recommended that the following transportation monitoring studies be conducted at regular but infrequent intervals (5 or 10 years). Staff would report to Council to obtain funding when the data collection is to be conducted, in coordination with the GVTA:

- Pedestrian Counts in Commercial/Retail Areas

Pedestrians are the #1 priority in transportation planning, yet little information is available. Mid-block mid-day pedestrian counts have been conducted only irregularly in commercial/retail areas, with cost sharing from local business and the real-estate industry. The last study was carried out in 1991 in the downtown at an overall cost of $10,000.

It is recommended that this program be expanded to include other high pedestrian-transit oriented areas such as Central Broadway and within

selected commercial/retail districts along the major arterials, and continued at a 10 year frequency in each area, on a cost shared basis with the Real Estate Board of Greater Vancouver and potentially local Business Improvement Associations. It is proposed the next major survey be done in the year 2000, at an approximate City cost of $20,000. Staff recommend this study be the subject of a report back on details and funding early in 2000 so it can be considered as part of the 2000 budget.

- Travel Time/Delay/Congestion

As discussed above and in Appendix D, it is recommended that a comprehensive region-wide travel time survey be conducted/coordinated by the GVTA along with other municipalities every 5 years. Travel time governs many aspects of transportation economics and accessibility, and is a key measure of the performance of the transit system. The portion of the survey on City streets and funded by the City would cost about $60,000 every 5 years. Depending on consultation with the GVTA, this study should be conducted next in the year 2001.

- Central Area Work trip/Parking/Transit Survey

In addition to the annual parking inventory discussed above, the City periodically conducts Downtown employee work trip/transit/parking studies in order to assess attitudes and requirements. This was last done in 1984. This type of survey is beyond the scope of the proposed regional monitoring program, and so it is recommended that this survey be conducted every 10 years, and implemented potentially next in 2002, at a cost of about $60,000.

3. Neighbourhood Transportation Monitoring

The Transportation Plan emphasizes improved neighbourhood safety and livability through calming traffic on local streets. Traffic calming plans involve a significant investment in staff and capital resources. The last three neighbourhood programs averaged about $200,000 each for capital expenses alone, and a significant amount of staff time.

There is considerable demand by residents to implement more traffic calming plans; therefore, requests must be prioritized. The Transportation Plan proposes the City develop an inventory of traffic activity in the neighbourhoods, similar to Portland and Seattle, in order to provide a basis for objectively and equitably approving or denying

requests for traffic calming plans. Neighbourhood warrants and rankings can be developed based on this information and reported to Council as part of the neighbourhood transportation work program.

Engineering and Planning will be reporting back shortly on the costs (probably about $50,000 per year) for neighbourhood data collection including developing a neighbourhood inventory, increased site investigations, and a GIS based data storage/retrieval/display system.

4. Traffic Safety

Issues relating to accidents, licences, etc. have been centralized under ICBC. Traffic accident data is now collected by ICBC and will eventually be forwarded to the City for traffic safety analysis. ICBC is presently reformatting this information, and does not expect to have data available until the year 2000. The last available data is from 1996. It is recommended that ICBC be requested to expedite the provision of accident data.

5. Land Use/Demographics

Land use and transportation are tightly linked. It is important to monitor (in concert with the GVTA) changes in demographics and land use that affect the transportation system.

Development Services is currently working on an improved development tracking system. Staff are currently developing improved land use tracking systems and enhanced GIS capacity. Engineering and Planning staff responsible for monitoring implementation of the Transportation Plan will continue to provide advice to these initiatives in order to develop systems which economically undertake a number of monitoring activities including tracking land use/transportation indicators. The resulting information will contribute to the annual monitoring report on the Transportation Plan.

ANNUAL REPORTING

The Transportation Plan recommends reporting at regular intervals on progress made and measures needed to achieve Plan targets. It is recommended staff report back annually with a description of the state of the transportation system and supporting data. This report would reference Transportation Plan policies, actions and targets, and would discuss current City and Regional transportation developments and may suggest new directions. The report should be attractive and easily understandable to the public. For example, information on
changing demand and performance measures such as mode split, travel speeds/congestion,

bicycle volumes should be presented with understandable maps and graphs. The documents should be available in full or summary brochure form. Annual printing costs would be up to $3,000.

TRANSPORTATION MONITORING STAFF

In the past, a Civil Engineer I position was allocated to transportation monitoring and forecasting. However, due to budget restrictions and increased workloads on other, higher transportation priorities, this staff position was reallocated.

There is insufficient staff to analyse an expanded monitoring program and provide Council with an annual report on the state of the transportation system. Therefore, it is recommended that a Civil Engineer I position be approved to coordinate and evaluate the data received in the monitoring program and reporting activities discussed above, including working with the GVTA and Province. The cost would be $69,000 annually, and a $12,000 one time office cost. An existing support position can be re-assigned within Engineering Services to assist in the collection and analysis of the data.

FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS

As summarized in Appendix C, the proposed additional annual City monitoring expenditure would be $148,000. The one time costs for 1999 only, would be $58,000. The one time costs for the year 2000 only (in advance), would be up to $20,000. These expenses would be funded out of the Operating Budget, with no offset, as the improvements represent an increased level of service.

Staff will report in future on:

- costs for the Neighbourhood monitoring program

- periodic studies on: commercial/retail area pedestrian volumes (about $20,000 every 10 years, first study in 2000 as above), travel times (every 5 years), and parking in the central area (every 10 years).

The regional transportation system serves close to two million residents, travelling in more than a million vehicles, on over 10,000 kilometres of roads, trackage and ferry lanes, at a total cost of several billion dollars annually. In this context, the proposed additional City monitoring costs (about the cost of two traffic signals) are relatively small. Overall the proposed regional monitoring funding requirements would likely be increased but in the same order of magnitude as historical GVRD/BC Transit expenditure levels.

- - - - -

APPENDIX A: CITY TRANSPORTATION PLAN MONITORING ACTIONS, APPROVED MAY 27, 1997

- M1 Design a monitoring and review program for transportation as a basis for guiding future policies and budgeting. Timing: every 1 or 2 years. Subject to a report back within 1 year on program and funding needed.

- M2 Report back to Council on transit service and use patterns, walking and cycling facilities, truck movements and issues, overall road network use. Timing: every 1 or 2 years. Subject to approval of monitoring program.

- M3 Implementation Progress report on measures needed to achieve transportation planning targets. Timing: every 3 years. Subject to report from Engineering and Planning.”

- M4 Report back to Council on Downtown transportation, including parking facilities. Timing: every 3 years. Subject to: maintain inventory of parking facilities and information recommended by Downtown Transportation Plan.

- M5 Prepare impact assessment reports for Council on proposed transportation projects, to show relationship with transportation goals and livability. Timing: as needed. Subject to: report on guidelines for assessing proposals and projects from Engineering and Planning

- M6 Review Capital Plan and annual capital budgets to report on consistency with CityPlan and Transportation Plan. Timing: every 2 years. Subject to: report from Engineering and Planning.

- M7 Investigate the feasibility of the GVRD establishing a region-wide system of monitoring mode splits on a regular basis. Timing: every 1 or 2 years. Subject to discussion with the GVRD

APPENDIX B - TRANSPORTATION PLAN MODE SPLIT TARGETS

Target Peak Volumes (Percentage) For 2021

Mode & Year All trip purposes between 6 am - 9 am	Downtown %	Central Broadway %	UBC %	Rest of City %	All of City %
FOR 1992
Auto Driver	46	62	55	53	52
Auto Passenger	9	12	12	18	15
Transit	34	15	20	12	19
Walk	9	9	7	14	11
Bike	2	2	6	3	3
Total (all modes)	100	100	100	100	100
Auto Occupancy	1.21	1.20	1.22	1.34	1.28
FOR 2021
Auto Driver	32	39	35	50	43
Auto Passenger	10	12	15	18	15
Transit	44	38	36	15	27
Walk	10	9	10	14	12
Bike	4	3	4	4	4
Total (all modes)	100	100	100	100	100
Auto Occupancy	1.31	1.30	1.44	1.35	1.35

Target Peak Volumes For 2021

Mode & Year All trip purposes between 6 am - 9 am	Downtown	Central Broadway	UBC	Rest of City	All of City
FOR 1992
Auto Driver	43,100	15,000	14,700	104,400	177,200
Auto Passenger	8,800	3,000	3,200	35,100	50,200
Transit	32,000	3,600	5,400	22,800	63,800
Walk & Bike	10,300	2,700	3,600	32,600	49,200
Total (all modes)	94,700	24,300	26,900	194,900	342,100
Auto Occupancy	1.21	1.20	1.22	1.34	1.28
FOR 2021
Auto Driver	38,700	12,000	12,000	112,800	175,500
Auto Passenger	11,900	3,700	5,300	39,900	60,800
Transit	52,400	11,600	12,500	33,000	109,500
Bike & Walk	16,800	3,700	4,600	39,700	64,800
Total (all modes)	120,400	30,900	34,400	225,400	411,100
Total Occupancy	1.31	1.30	1.44	1.35	1.35

APPENDIX B (CONTINUED) - TRANSPORTATION PLAN MODE SPLIT TARGETS ...CONTINUED

Target Daily Volumes For 2021

Mode & Year All trip purposes between 24 hours	Downtown %	Central Broadway %	UBC %	Rest of City %
FOR 1992
Auto Driver	49	NA	59	53
Auto Passenger	13	NA	18	18
Transit	23	NA	14	11
Walk & Bike	15	NA	9	18
Total (all modes)	100	NA	100	100
Auto Occupancy	1.27	NA	1.31	1.34
FOR 2021
Auto Driver	36	45	41	46
Auto Passenger	12	15	16	16
Transit	34	25	33	19
Walk & Bike	18	15	10	19
Total (all modes)	100	100	100	100
Auto Occupancy	1.33	1.33	1.39	1.35

APPENDIX C -- PROPOSED TRANSPORTATION MONITORING PROGRAM, OPERATING BUDGET ADDITIONAL EXPENDITURES
Monitoring Items +	Annual Cost Increase	Additional One Time Costs, 1999	Periodic Costs++
Intersection Volumes -Pedestrians, Bicycles, general traffic	$15,000
Bicycle Volumes	$12,000
Arterial General Traffic Volumes - Count Annually	$29,000	$20,000 (for 10 automatic counters) $26,000 (for 6 detector loops)
Truck Volume Survey	$17,000
Expand Parking Inventory survey to include Central Broadway	$3,000
Commercial/Retail Area Pedestrian Volumes			Up to $20,000 every 10 years (specific costs will be determined after consulting the Real Estate Board and BIA’s re. data collection needs and cost sharing)
Travel Time /Delay Studies			About $60,000 every 5 years (coordinated with GVTA)
Central Area Employee Work Trip/Parking Study			about $60,000 every 10 years
Annual Transportation Report Printing Costs	up to $3000
Monitoring manager Civil Engineer 1	$69,000	$12,000 (office costs)
Totals	$148,000	$58,000

+ Neighbourhood transportation monitoring costs will be reported separately

++ these are not new programs; however, it is proposed to conduct the data collection regularly as noted.

APPENDIX D

RECOMMENDED REGIONAL DATA COLLECTION RESPONSIBILITIES

Many transportation monitoring functions should be conducted by the GVTA because of the regional nature of the data, ease of coordination with participating municipalities, cost effectiveness and primary relevance to regional transportation policy and management decision making. GVRD staff have indicated the GVTA will be looking for input from the municipalities on improving its monitoring programs.

This report recommends the GVTA carry out the following:

- Major Regional Travel Surveys (Including Telephone Interviews, Trip Diary Surveys)

Travel surveys of up to 5% of regional households are a cost effective way of providing a wide variety of transportation information including trip origins/destinations, mode splits, and public attitudes. Previous surveys were conducted by the GVRD in 1985 (before SkyTrain) and 1992.

The Transportation Plan suggests major travel surveys should be conducted every one or 2 years in order to gauge progress in achieving City mode split targets. However, based on discussions with the GVRD, a 5 year interval is recommended primarily because of the high costs of conducting and analyzing the survey (about $500,000) and since this frequency would coincide with the Federal Census.

- Screen Line Occupancy/Classification Counts

It is recommended that comprehensive vehicle occupancy, classification (by vehicle type, e.g. bicycles and trucks), and volume counts at the major City, Downtown and other screen lines be conducted every 2 years. The GVRD conducted previous regional screen line surveys in 1985, 1994 and 1996. Screen line surveys are less expensive (about $120,000 for the region) than comprehensive home interview surveys and would provide a more frequent monitoring and cross-check of the travel survey information.

- Travel Time/Delay/Congestion

Travel time governs many aspects of transportation economics and accessibility, and is a key measure of the performance of the transportation system. Transit and goods movement are especially affected.

Corridors where average speeds are reduced by congestion must be identified in order to consider alternative actions. As well the regional transportation computer model must be calibrated for travel time and delays. The City has conducted its own vehicular travel time survey studies, most recently in 1988; however, no regional study has been conducted since 1977. It is recommended that a comprehensive region-wide survey be conducted every 5 years.

-Goods Movement (Trucks)

Efficient goods movement is vital to the City and Region. For example, the need for good access to industrial and commercial sectors such as the Central Area, the Port of Vancouver and Vancouver Airport is represented in the Transportation Plan. Previous comprehensive trucking surveys were conducted by the GVRD in 1978 and 1989. Trucking volumes on City arterials were counted as part of the 1989 study. It is recommended that a comprehensive survey, including truck volume counts on City arterials, be conducted on a 5 year cycle. This will provide information required to assess goods movement industry needs and address residents’ concerns about truck traffic on their streets.

- Transit

More and better transit service is a high priority and integral to the success of the Transportation Plan. Council has already requested that accurate and comprehensive data on crowding, reliability, and route cost recovery be collected, in order to achieve efficient and equitable transit resource allocation. Most of the data collection improvements can be accomplished by introducing on-board electronic counting equipment and automatic vehicle location technology, as has been implemented in many other Cities. The GVTA should make monitoring the $600 million/year transit system a higher priority.

- Other Regional Monitoring

A wide variety of additional transportation information should continue to be collected regionally including transportation supply (e.g. auto ownership and kilometers of arterial lanes), demand (e.g. vehicle kilometers driven, and participation in ride sharing and U Pass programs), performance measures (e.g. levels of congestion, vehicle kilometers per capita, and safety), and relevant indicators for the environment, land use and demographics. Staff will continue to work with GVTA staff to ensure appropriate data is collected and available.

- Enhanced Regional Transportation Computer Modeling

The regional transportation computer model is used to analyze current and potential future transportation supply and demand characteristics, policies and actions. The data collection described above is essential for the continued re-calibration and accuracy of the model. It is recommended the City support Regional plans to enhance the model, so that it can be a better tool for City transportation planning. For example, the model should include parking supply to allow tests of Downtown parking capacity scenarios, and all day modeling (instead of peak periods only) to predict the impact of time shifting transport measures (e.g. peak period pricing) and provide more accurate estimates of emissions and goods movement.

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(c) 1998 City of Vancouver