Implementation: Priorities, timelines and resources 
 | | 
Rec. no.
 | 
Action
 | 
Lead Agency
 | 
Priority
 | 
Timeline
 | 
Resources
 | 
| 
10.1
 | 
Coordinate education 
 | 
VHB, VSB
 | 
Moderate
 | 
Start Fall, 1997
 | 
Minimal
 | 
| 
10.2
 | 
Soundscape awareness
 | 
VHB
 | 
Moderate
 | 
Start Fall, 1997
 | 
Nil
 | 
| 
11.1
 | 
Liaison between depts.
 | 
City Depts.
 | 
Moderate
 | 
Ongoing
 | 
Nil
 | 
| 
11.2
 | 
Consult with associations
 | 
City
 | 
Moderate
 | 
Ongoing
 | 
Nil
 | 
| 
11.3
 | 
Encourage envir. groups
 | 
Office for the Environment
 | 
Moderate
 | 
Ongoing
 | 
Nil
 | 
| 
12.1
 | 
Communicate
 | 
NISTs
 | 
High
 | 
Ongoing
 | 
Nil
 | 
| 
12.2
 | 
Internet map
 | 
Info Services
 | 
Moderate
 | 
End of 1997
 | 
Minimal
 | 
| 
12.3
 | 
Identify local resources
 | 
Info Services, NIST
 | 
Moderate 
 | 
End of 1997
 | 
Minimal
 | 
| 
13.1
 | 
Restrict vehicle capacity to current levels (for noise)
 | 
City Engineer, City Clerk
 | 
High
 | 
mid-1997
 | 
Nil
 | 
| 
13.2
 | 
Transmit Recs. to draft Transpo. Plan
 | 
City Engineer
 | 
High
 | 
early 1997
 | 
Nil
 | 
| 
13.3
 | 
Monitor traffic noise & map
 | 
VHB
 | 
Moderate
 | 
late 1997, ongoing
 | 
$25,000/yr.
 | 
| 
13.4
 | 
Noise impact statements
 | 
VHB, SOE, Planning, Engineering
 | 
Moderate
 | 
early 1998
 | 
Nil
 | 
| 
13.5
 | 
Include noise in AirCare
 | 
VHB
 | 
High
 | 
Late 1997
 | 
No City resources
 | 
| 
13.6
 | 
Develop private testing if 13.5 fails
 | 
City Engineer
 | 
Moderate
 | 
1998
 | 
Private $
 | 
| 
13.7
 | 
Traffic calming for noise
 | 
City Engineer
 | 
High
 | 
Ongoing
 | 
Local Improv. $
 | 
| 
13.8
 | 
Traffic noise mitigation 
 | 
City Engineer
 | 
Moderate
 | 
Ongoing
 | 
Potentially high
 | 
| 
13.9
 | 
Investigate mitigation measures
 | 
Engineering, Planning, Health
 | 
Moderate
 | 
Late 1997
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
13.10
 | 
Pilot traffic noise project
 | 
City Council
 | 
High
 | 
1998
 | 
>$100,000
 | 
| 
13.11
 | 
Develop info for homeowners
 | 
Planning, VHB
 | 
Moderate
 | 
1998
 | 
<$10,000
 | 
| 
13.12
 | 
Noise attenuation & energy efficiency
 | 
Energy Efficiency Office
 | 
Moderate
 | 
1998
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
13.13
 | 
Noise considerations for major projects
 | 
City Council
 | 
High
 | 
mid-1997, ongoing
 | 
Unknown but probably low cost
 | 
| 
13.14
 | 
Maintain smooth road surfaces
 | 
City Engineer
 | 
Moderate
 | 
Ongoing
 | 
Increased level of service
 | 
| 
13.15
 | 
Explore "quieter" road materials
 | 
City Engineer
 | 
Moderate
 | 
Late 1997
 | 
No cost in research; higher cost
 | 
| 
13.16
 | 
Revise MVA noise sections
 | 
Police, VHB, Law
 | 
High
 | 
Mid-1997
 | 
Nil
 | 
| 
13.17
 | 
"Jake" brake signs
 | 
City Engineer
 | 
High
 | 
Late 1997
 | 
Cost of signs
 | 
| 
13.18
 | 
Small truck noise
 | 
City Engineer
 | 
Moderate
 | 
1998
 | 
Minimal
 | 
| 
13.19
 | 
Truck routes enforced
 | 
City Engineer, Police
 | 
Moderate
 | 
1998
 | 
Minimal (cost of signs)
 | 
| 
13.20
 | 
Comm. vehicle speed enforced
 | 
Police
 | 
Moderate
 | 
Ongoing
 | 
Minimal
 | 
| 
13.21
 | 
Lobby Feds to revise standards
 | 
City Council
 | 
Moderate
 | 
1998, ongoing
 | 
Nil
 | 
| 
13.22
 | 
Commercial vehicle signage
 | 
Police, Permits & Licenses
 | 
High
 | 
Ongoing
 | 
Cost of extra enforcement
 | 
| 
13.23
 | 
Enforce vehicle idling by-law
 | 
Police, Law
 | 
High
 | 
Mid-1997
 | 
Cost of extra enforcement
 | 
| 
13.24
 | 
Work with Tourism and hotels re: tour bus idling
 | 
City Council, Envir. Health
 | 
High
 | 
Before "tourist season"
 | 
Minimal
 | 
| 
13.25
 | 
Support maintaining electric buses
 | 
City Council to B.C. Transit
 | 
High
 | 
Mid 1997
 | 
No direct costs; cost differential between diesel and electric system using full cost accounting
 | 
| 
13.26
 | 
Demo service of electric/fuel cell bus
 | 
City Council, Parks Board to B.C. Transit
 | 
Moderate
 | 
1998
 | 
No direct costs
 | 
| 
14.1
 | 
Education campaign on motorcycle noise
 | 
Envir. Health, Police
 | 
High
 | 
Mid-1997
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
14.2
 | 
Prohibit non-standard exhausts
 | 
City Council, Law
 | 
High
 | 
Late 1997
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
14.3
 | 
Regular enforcement campaigns 
 | 
Police
 | 
High
 | 
Ongoing
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
14.4
 | 
Provincial noise standards
 | 
City Council, Law
 | 
High
 | 
1998
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
14.5
 | 
Progressive tickets
 | 
Law
 | 
High
 | 
Late 1997
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
14.6
 | 
Apprehension & mandatory testing
 | 
Law, Police
 | 
High
 | 
Late 1997
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
14.7
 | 
Redraft by-law
 | 
Law
 | 
High
 | 
1998
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
15.1
 | 
No relaxation of new airplane noise standards
 | 
Envir. Health
 | 
High
 | 
Ongoing
 | 
Nil
 | 
| 
15.2
 | 
Enforce airline curfew
 | 
Envir. Health
 | 
High
 | 
Ongoing
 | 
Nil
 | 
| 
15.3
 | 
Regular review of noise rules
 | 
Envir. Health
 | 
High
 | 
Ongoing
 | 
Nil
 | 
| 
16.1
 | 
Coal Harbour Aircraft Noise Committee
 | 
Council, Transport Canada
 | 
High
 | 
Late 1997
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
16.2
 | 
Vancouver representation
 | 
Envir. Health
 | 
High
 | 
Ongoing
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
16.3
 | 
Noise monitoring at Coal Harbour
 | 
Envir. Health
 | 
Moderate
 | 
1998
 | 
Significant cost for monitoring
 | 
| 
16.4
 | 
Restrict number of take-offs
 | 
Envir. Health, Noise Committee
 | 
Moderate
 | 
1998
 | 
Staff time, private cost
 | 
| 
16.5
 | 
Restrict climbing power
 | 
Envir. Health, Noise Committee
 | 
Moderate
 | 
1998
 | 
Staff time, private cost
 | 
| 
16.6
 | 
Freeze size of Coal Harbour "fleet"
 | 
Envir. Health, Noise Committee
 | 
Moderate
 | 
1998
 | 
Staff time, private cost
 | 
| 
17.1
 | 
Restrict overflights by helicopters
 | 
Envir. Health, Noise Committee
 | 
Moderate
 | 
1998
 | 
Staff time, private cost
 | 
| 
17.2
 | 
Establish monitor for overflights
 | 
Envir. Health, Noise Committee
 | 
Moderate
 | 
1998
 | 
Staff time, private cost
 | 
| 
18.1
 | 
Restrict overflights by prop aircraft
 | 
Envir. Health, Noise Committee
 | 
Moderate
 | 
1998
 | 
Staff time, private cost
 | 
| 
18.2
 | 
Monitoring of overflights
 | 
Envir. Health, Noise Committee
 | 
Moderate
 | 
1998
 | 
Staff time, private cost
 | 
| 
19.1
 | 
Address railway noise on east side
 | 
Envir. Health, Planning
 | 
Moderate
 | 
Late 1997, ongoing
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
19.2
 | 
Respond to West Coast Express noise
 | 
Envir. Health
 | 
Moderate
 | 
Late 1997
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
19.3
 | 
Evaluate LRT options from noise perspective
 | 
Planning, Envir. Health
 | 
Moderate
 | 
Early in LRT planning process
 | 
Staff time
 | 
Implementation: Priorities, timelines and resources 
 | | 
Rec. no.
 | 
Action
 | 
Lead Agency
 | 
Priority
 | 
Timeline
 | 
Resources
 | 
| 
20.1
 | 
Revise definition of Downtown for refuse pickup
 | 
Envir. Health, Law
 | 
High
 | 
Late 1997
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
20.2
 | 
Review commercial delivery times in these areas
 | 
Envir. Health
 | 
Moderate
 | 
Late 1997, ongoing
 | 
 Staff time
 | 
| 
20.3
 | 
Foster technical solutions to dumpster noise
 | 
City Engineer
 | 
Low
 | 
1998
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
20.4
 | 
Consult with industry on solutions
 | 
City Engineer, Envir. Health
 | 
Moderate 
 | 
As needed
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
20.5
 | 
Consult with industry on problems created by multiple contracts
 | 
City Engineer
 | 
Moderate
 | 
1998
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
21.1
 | 
WCB standard for backup signals
 | 
Envir. Health 
 | 
High
 | 
Late 1997
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
21.2
 | 
Find alternatives to backup beepers
 | 
Envir. Health
 | 
Moderate
 | 
1998
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
22.1
 | 
Publicize horn prohibition
 | 
Envir. Health, Police
 | 
Moderate
 | 
Ongoing
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
23.1
 | 
Restrict use of large air horns by fire trucks
 | 
Envir. Health, impacted departments
 | 
High
 | 
Mid 1997
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
23.2
 | 
Coordinate responses to emergencies to reduce siren use
 | 
City Manager
 | 
High
 | 
Late 1997
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
23.3
 | 
Seek out alternatives to sirens
 | 
Envir. Health, impacted depts
 | 
High
 | 
Ongoing
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
24.1
 | 
Control decibel level of car alarms
 | 
Envir. Health, Law
 | 
Moderate
 | 
1998
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
24.2
 | 
Prohibit alarm status signals
 | 
Envir. Health, Law
 | 
Moderate
 | 
1998
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
24.3
 | 
Request authority to ticket cars on private property
 | 
Law
 | 
High
 | 
1998
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
25.1
 | 
Continue to enforce firecracker prohibition
 | 
Fire & Rescue
 | 
Moderate
 | 
Ongoing
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
26.1
 | 
Move Molson Indy to industrial or other site
 | 
City Council, Envir. Health, Engineering
 | 
Moderate
 | 
Spring 1997
 | 
Staff time (charged to sponsor)
 | 
| 
27.1
 | 
Maintain "boom car" enforcement
 | 
Police
 | 
High
 | 
As needed
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
28.1
 | 
Control launch areas and usage areas for jet skis
 | 
Envir. Health, others
 | 
High
 | 
Mid 1997
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
28.2
 | 
Control noisy parties on boats; establish jurisdiction
 | 
Envir. Health, others
 | 
High
 | 
Mid 1997
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
29.1
 | 
Ice Cream vendor licenses to be prominently, legibly displayed
 | 
Engineering
 | 
Moderate
 | 
Mid 1997
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
29.2
 | 
Enforcement against unlicensed mobile vendors
 | 
Engineering, Envir. health
 | 
Moderate
 | 
Summer 1997
 | 
Staff time
 | 
Implementation: Priorities, timelines and resources 
 | | 
Rec. no.
 | 
Action
 | 
Lead Agency
 | 
Priority
 | 
Timeline
 | 
Resources
 | 
| 
30.1
 | 
Continue to enforce prohibition on outside speakers
 | 
Permits & Licenses
 | 
Moderate
 | 
Ongoing
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
30.2
 | 
Prohibit inside speakers which project noise outside.
 | 
Permits & Licenses, Law
 | 
Moderate
 | 
1998
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
31.1
 | 
Restrict busking (times, location, etc.)
 | 
CCST, Engineering
 | 
High
 | 
Mid 1997
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
31.2
 | 
License buskers annually
 | 
Engineering
 | 
High
 | 
Mid 1997
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
32.1
 | 
Establish stricter noise levels for music from night clubs, etc.
 | 
Envir. Health, Law
 | 
High
 | 
Late 1997
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
32.2
 | 
Increase minimum fine for cabaret noise to $500
 | 
Law
 | 
High
 | 
Late 1997
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
32.3
 | 
Require maximum noise insulation in these businesses
 | 
Planning, Envir. Health
 | 
High
 | 
Late 1997
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
32.4
 | 
Find alternatives to evaluating "bass" noise component
 | 
Envir. Health
 | 
High
 | 
Late 1997
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
32.5
 | 
Require new neighbouring buildings to build out noise.
 | 
Planning, Envir. Health
 | 
High
 | 
Late 1997, ongoing
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
32.6
 | 
Use consistent graphics (colours) on noise warning signs
 | 
Envir. Health
 | 
Moderate
 | 
Late 1997
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
33.1
 | 
Explore alternatives to loudspeakers (golf course; car lot)
 | 
Envir. Health
 | 
Moderate
 | 
1998
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
33.2
 | 
Stricter enforcement against use of loudspeakers
 | 
Envir. Health
 | 
Moderate
 | 
Ongoing
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
33.3
 | 
Acquaint City crews with Noise by-law requirements
 | 
Department Heads
 | 
Moderate
 | 
Ongoing
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
33.4
 | 
Prohibit use of sound amplification equipment in community facilities
 | 
Parks Board
 | 
High
 | 
Late 1997
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
34.1
 | 
Ticketing owners of persistently barking dogs
 | 
Law, Pound
 | 
High
 | 
Late 1997
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
34.2
 | 
Progressive fine system for barking offences
 | 
Law
 | 
High
 | 
Late 1997
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
34.3
 | 
Implement '911' type response from City Pound
 | 
City Manager, Pound
 | 
High
 | 
1998
 | 
Cost of staffing such a line
 | 
| 
34.4
 | 
Graduated license fee renewal based on convictions
 | 
Permits & Licenses
 | 
Moderate
 | 
1998
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
35.1
 | 
Control location of heat pumps, air conditioners
 | 
Permits & Licenses
 | 
High
 | 
Late 1997
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
35.2
 | 
Do not grandfather existing heat pumps, air conditioners
 | 
Permits & Licenses
 | 
High
 | 
Late 1997
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
35.3
 | 
Address vibration issues in residential uses in a by-law
 | 
Envir. health
 | 
Moderate
 | 
1998
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
36.1
 | 
Establish "party noise" as a ticketable offence
 | 
Law
 | 
High
 | 
Late 1997
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
36.2
 | 
Establish a database of problem "party houses"
 | 
Police
 | 
Moderate
 | 
Late 1997
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
36.3
 | 
Progressive notification and fines
 | 
Police, Law
 | 
Moderate
 | 
Late 1997
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
36.4
 | 
Notify absentee landlords of party noise offences
 | 
Police, Permits & Licenses
 | 
Moderate
 | 
Late 1997
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
36.5
 | 
Enforce against revenue property owners
 | 
Permits & Licenses
 | 
Moderate
 | 
Ongoing
 | 
Nil
 | 
| 
36.6
 | 
Increase enforcement against "party houses"
 | 
City Manager
 | 
High
 | 
Late 1997
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
36.7
 | 
Monitor costs of enforcement
 | 
City Manager
 | 
Moderate
 | 
Late 1997, ongoing
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
37.1
 | 
Ask province to amend Vancouver Charter to allow police to shut off continually sounding alarms
 | 
Law, Police
 | 
High
 | 
Mid 1997
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
37.2
 | 
Define "alarm" more broadly to capture new variations
 | 
Law, Police
 | 
Moderate
 | 
Late 1997
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
37.3
 | 
Consider setting maximum noise limits for alarms systems
 | 
Envir. Health, Police
 | 
Moderate
 | 
Late 1997
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
37.4
 | 
Explore "visible" indicators for monitored sites
 | 
Police
 | 
Low
 | 
1998
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
38.1
 | 
Encourage reduced lawn mower noise levels
 | 
Envir. Health
 | 
High
 | 
Late 1997
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
38.2
 | 
Require legible signage for commercial firms
 | 
Envir. Health, Permits & Licenses
 | 
High
 | 
Late 1997
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
38.3
 | 
Establish hours for commercial lawn mower usage
 | 
Envir. Health, Law
 | 
High
 | 
Late 1997
 | 
Existing
 | 
| 
38.4
 | 
Establish hours for private lawn mower usage
 | 
Envir. Health, Law
 | 
High
 | 
Late 1997
 | 
Existing
 | 
| 
39.1
 | 
Establish noise level limits for trimmers
 | 
Envir. Health, Law
 | 
High
 | 
Late 1997
 | 
Existing
 | 
| 
39.2
 | 
Establish hours of use for trimmers as in Section 38
 | 
Envir. Health, Law
 | 
High
 | 
Late 1997
 | 
Existing
 | 
Implementation: Priorities, timelines and resources 
 | | 
Rec. no.
 | 
Action
 | 
Lead Agency
 | 
Priority
 | 
Timeline
 | 
Resources
 | 
| 
40.1
 | 
Establish leaf blower noise limits and maximum duration of use
 | 
Envir. Health, Law
 | 
High
 | 
Late 1997
 | 
Additional
 | 
| 
40.2
 | 
Monitor usage patterns with aim to reducing noise
 | 
Envir. Health
 | 
High
 | 
Late 1997, ongoing
 | 
Existing
 | 
| 
40.3
 | 
Require commercial gardeners to display license and identification
 | 
Envir. Health, Law
 | 
High
 | 
Late 1997
 | 
Additional
 | 
| 
40.4
 | 
Work with industry to encourage further reductions in noise level & tonal characteristics and use
 | 
Envir. Health
 | 
High
 | 
Ongoing
 | 
Existing
 | 
| 
41.1
 | 
Ask CSA or appropriate agency to identify noisy appliances
 | 
Envir. Health
 | 
Moderate
 | 
1998
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
41.2
 | 
Set hours of use for the noisier appliances
 | 
Envir. Health, Law
 | 
Moderate
 | 
1998
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
42.1
 | 
Control noise from vehicle-mounted equipment 
 | 
Envir. Health Industry
 | 
Moderate
 | 
1998
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
42.2
 | 
Set hours for use in residential zones
 | 
Envir. Health, Law
 | 
Moderate
 | 
1998
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
42.3
 | 
Set hours of use in commercial & industrial zones
 | 
Envir. Health, Law
 | 
Moderate
 | 
1998
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
42.4
 | 
Require license and identification to be prominently, legibly displayed
 | 
Envir. Health, Permits & licenses, Law
 | 
Moderate
 | 
1998
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
42.5
 | 
Establish hours for private use of this equipment
 | 
Envir. Health, Law
 | 
Moderate
 | 
1998
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
43.1
 | 
Restrict chain saw use
 | 
Envir. Health, Law
 | 
Moderate
 | 
1998
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
44.1
 | 
Make construction noise ticketable and a deemed objectionable noise category
 | 
Envir. Health, Law
 | 
High
 | 
Late 1997
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
44.2
 | 
Require construction noise notices on major construction sites
 | 
Envir. Health, Permits & Licenses, Law
 | 
High
 | 
Late 1997
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
44.3
 | 
Strict enforcement of construction noise times
 | 
Envir. health
 | 
High
 | 
Late 1997
 | 
Existing, some O.T.
 | 
| 
44.4
 | 
Increase minimum fines for construction noise offences
 | 
Law
 | 
High
 | 
Late 1997
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
44.5
 | 
Establish a progressive ticketing system for repeat offenders
 | 
Law
 | 
High
 | 
Late 1997
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
44.6
 | 
Reduce construction noise hours to 8 a.m. - 6 p.m. Mon. - Sat.
 | 
Envir. Health, Law
 | 
High
 | 
Late 1997
 | 
Staff time
 | 
| 
44.7
 | 
City work should adhere to same construction hours 
 | 
Envir.Health, Law, Engineering
 | 
High
 | 
Late 1997
 | 
Possible cost to City
 | 
| 
45.1
 | 
City should purchase/lease quiet or silenced equipment
 | 
Finance, Engineering
 | 
Moderate
 | 
1998
 | 
Increased costs
 | 
| 
45.2
 | 
City should improve maintenance of its equipment to reduce noise
 | 
Engineering, Parks Board
 | 
Moderate
 | 
1998
 | 
Slight increase in costs
 | 
| 
45.3
 | 
Train workers in quiet methods
 | 
Engineering etc.
 | 
Moderate
 | 
1998
 | 
Training costs
 | 
| 
45.4
 | 
Rent sound-treated equipment 
 | 
Engineering etc.
 | 
Moderate
 | 
1998
 | 
Possible higher cost
 | 
| 
45.5
 | 
Provide incentives for contractors using quiet machines
 | 
Finance
 | 
Low
 | 
1998
 | 
Premiums
 | 
| 
45.6
 | 
Identify quiet machines
 | 
Engineering etc.
 | 
Low
 | 
1998, ongoing
 | 
Slight cost
 | 
| 
46.1
 | 
City Council to endorse priorities and lead; responsible agencies
 | 
City Council
 | 
High
 | 
On receipt
 | 
None
 | 
| 
46.2
 | 
Establish review body; Director of Envir. health to report annually on progress
 | 
City Council, Director of Envir. Health
 | 
High
 | 
On receipt; annually
 | 
Staff costs
 | 
| 
46.3
 | 
Consider ongoing role for Urban Noise Task Force
 | 
City Council
 | 
Moderate
 | 
On receipt
 | 
Minor costs
 |