SUPPORTS ITEM NO. P&E COMMITTEE AGENDA
NOVEMBER 7, 1996 POLICY REPORT PLANNING AND ENVIRONMENT Date: October 25, 1996 Dept. File No. CP TO: Standing Committee on Planning & Environment FROM: Director of Land Use & Development Director of Central Area Planning SUBJECT: Proposed Text Amendments to the Downtown O.C.P. and Amendments to the Downtown South Design Guidelines RECOMMENDATION A. THAT the Director of Land Use & Development be instructed to make application to amend the Downtown Official Development Plan generally in accordance with Appendix A*; FURTHER THAT the Director of Legal Services be instructed to prepare the necessary by-law; AND FURTHER THAT the application and by-law be referred to Public Hearing. B. THAT the existing "Downtown South Guidelines (excluding Granville Street)" be amended by Council to incorporate the changes noted in Appendix B*. CONSIDERATION C1. THAT the Downtown South Guidelines (excluding Granville Street) be further amended to incorporate the changes noted in Appendix C*, calling for an average floor-to-floor height in residential developments not exceeding 10 ft. OR C2. THAT the Downtown South Guidelines (excluding Granville Street) be further amended to incorporate the changes noted in Appendix C*, calling for an average floor-to-floor height in residential developments not exceeding 12 ft. OR C3. THAT the Downtown South Guidelines NOT be further amended to address a floor-to-floor height in residential developments. GENERAL MANAGER'S COMMENTS The General Manager of Community Services RECOMMENDS approval of A and B, and puts forward C1, C2, and C3 for CONSIDERATION. Technical - 2 - work on the original Downtown South Guidelines assumed standard 9' Ò floor-to-floor heights, typical at that time. There was little discussion of alternative floor-to-floor heights, but it was acknowledged as acceptable that buildings approached 300' overall height, provided they were outside view corridors and did not shadow key public open spaces. The initial public and Council acceptance of the guidelines may have been contingent on the implicitly assumed floor-to-floor heights, from which C-1 departs least. Current expectations may support more choice in unit types for which C-2 and C-3 provides increasing flexibility. COUNCIL POLICY - On May 16, 1991, Council adopted the Downtown South Community Plan and on July 30, 1991, Council amended the Downtown Official Development Plan (DODP) and adopted the Downtown South Guidelines (excluding Granville Street) which provide design guidance on all aspects of development. - On August 30, 1994, Council amended the Downtown South Guidelines (excluding Granville Street) to incorporate the Downtown South streetscape design. - On January 17, 1994, Council instructed the Planning Department to report back on a suitable by-law or guidelines to restrict the bulk of buildings in Downtown South. SUMMARY This report proposes amendments to the Downtown Official Development Plan (DODP) and to the Downtown South Guidelines. The amendments are the result of a review of development applications processed and developments built since the community plan was approved. The changes to the DODP would: 1) permit live/work uses in the low-rise portion of developments; 2) give the Development Permit Board discretion to relax the height limit of 70 ft. on small sites to accommodate increased density for low-cost and social housing; and 3) add a section to emphasize the importance of the public realm in the downtown. The proposed changes to the Downtown South Guidelines include: 1) language to emphasize the importance of minimizing shadow impacts on public open space and shopping streets (Granville and Davie Streets); 2) guidelines to strengthen safety and security aspects of projects; 3) provision for self-contained live/work units in the low-rise portion of a development; 4) a guide to tower floor plate size to encourage slim towers; 5) reduction of the rear yard setback in low-rise portions of development to 10 ft. from 30 ft.; and 6) guidelines to upgrade the lane environment by providing more landscaping. - 3 - An additional amendment to the guidelines, brought forward for consideration, would provide a 10 ft. average floor-to-floor height or a 12 ft. average floor-to-floor height in determining the maximum height of developments. BACKGROUND AND DISCUSSION The Downtown South Guidelines are used in conjunction with the Downtown Official Development Plan to assist applicants and staff in designing and evaluating new projects in the emerging residential community of Downtown South. Granville Street is excluded because it has a separate set of guidelines. In the five years since Council adopted the Downtown South Community Plan, zoning and guidelines, more than 35 development applications for major projects have been received and 10 developments have been built or are under construction. This provides a good basis to assess the design guidelines. The review was conducted in consultation with the Downtown South Redevelopment Impacts Committee, members of the architectural and development communities, and the residents of Downtown South. Several major issues as well as numerous minor items were identified in the design review. The following is a summary of the key issues and the proposed changes which address them. AMENDMENTS TO THE DOWNTOWN OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN (DODP) The proposed amendments to the DODP are described below (refer to Appendix A* for detailed wording): 1) Live/Work Uses Permitted uses in Section 1 - Land Use have been expanded to include live/work uses in Downtown South. 2) Relaxation of Height Limits for Low-Cost Housing The maximum height limit of 70 feet serves well for 3.0 FSR developments. However, for the increased density of 5.0 FSR allowed for low-cost and social housing, 70 ft. does not provide enough height on smaller sites to achieve adequate livability. A relaxation of the 70 ft. height limit to a maximum discretionary height of 120 ft. for these projects is proposed. 3) Public Realm The design of the public realm is crucial to the development of Downtown South as an identifiable neighbourhood. A reference outlining special streetscape areas in the Downtown District is proposed to be added to the Application and Intent Section of the DODP to emphasize the importance of the public realm for those precincts, and to highlight those areas which have specially designed streetscape treatments. AMENDMENTS TO THE DOWNTOWN SOUTH GUIDELINES - 4 - The proposed amendments to the Downtown South Guidelines are described below (refer to Appendix B* for detailed wording): Section 2.6: Shadow Impacts Public open space will not be abundant in Downtown South. It is, therefore, important that all such open space be as usable and sunny as possible. The proposed guideline amendments contain additional language to further emphasize the importance of minimizing the amount of shadow a development casts on public open space as well as shopping streets. Section 2.10: Safety and Security In consultation with the Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) staff team, the safety and security aspects of development have been audited. Detailed guidelines are proposed that will strengthen security aspects of projects. Section 3.0: Ground Floor Units Recognizing the need for a high degree of flexibility at street level, self-contained ground-level units with direct access to the street could, under the amendments, contain live/work units which could also be converted to exclusively commercial (office) or residential use, while preserving the design objectives of the streetscape. Section 4.1.1: Low Rise Portion at Street Edge Low-rise elements have been a component of the Downtown South built form from its inception with the present guidelines specifying a height of several storeys . To clarify the intent for eyes on the street (safety) and adequate definition of the street edge/public realm, the low rise portion of a development is proposed to be specified as a minimum 30 ft. in height. Section 4.1.3: Tower Width and Floor Plate Size To provide more clarity on tower massing and the need for slim towers that minimize shadow and view impacts, staff have specified a maximum tower width of 90 ft. and expanded on the present maximum floor plate guideline (6,500 sq. ft.) by including a table that specifies tower floor plate size in relation to tower height (i.e., the taller the tower proposed on a given site, the slimmer it should be). The proposed guide to maximum floor plate size is intended to define an acceptable building envelope relative to tower height without limiting the flexibility needed by the developer in regard to market objectives. As a guideline, staff would see flexibility applied to the maximum tower width and floor plate size where heritage or view corridors are involved. Some members of the development community have commented that additional building bulk generated by double height or loft units is not a problem and that no further controls are needed in this regard. Staff are concerned that the extent of additional bulk that could be added under present controls, in the order of 30-35%, would compromise overall livability by imposing greater shadows, - 5 - limiting outlook past neighbouring buildings and diminishing space between buildings, and are consequently recommending this additional bulk control. (The issue of double-height or loft units is addressed below.) Section 4.2.3: Rear Yard Setback Amendments to the rear yard setback guidelines would simplify and reduce the required setback from 30 ft. to 10 ft. for portions of developments lower than 70 ft. in height. This would allow for more flexible and creative site planning. Trees and landscaping will be encouraged in the rear yard setback and in vehicle entry courts to promote a "greening" of the lane. Section 5.5.3: Lanes Amendments to the guidelines will ensure that the quality of the lane environment will be upgraded to include better finishes and more landscaping. OTHER AMENDMENTS Several additional minor amendments are included to provide more clarity and precision. A summary of the revisions is attached as Appendix E*. The foregoing guideline amendments constitute the package contained in RECOMMENDATION B. The recommended guideline amendments dealing with tower massing which augment existing guidelines go a long way towards addressing concerns about excessive building bulk and ensuring that Downtown South built form principles are maintained. Council may wish to consider an additional component that is not fully dealt with in the recommended guidelines. This concerns developments which propose substantially higher ceilings or loft developments which could result in towers that, albeit slim by virtue of the recommended floor plate size guideline, would likely approach the maximum 300 ft. height. Without any further control this would likely result in considerably more 300 ft. towers than may have been anticipated. Consequently, the following new Section 4.1.4 is put forward for consideration. Section 4.1.4: Tower Floor-to-Floor Height This new Section would further address the tower bulk issue generated by developments proposing loft or mezzanine units. Synopsis of the Issue The development industry s typical floor-to-floor height for residential buildings is in the range of 8'6" to 9 ft. depending on the type of construction. This yields a ceiling height of 8'0" to 8'6". Double-height ceiling spaces (i.e., 16-17 ft. floor-to-floor) increase the bulk and height of towers resulting in a net increase of 30% to 35% in tower volume at the same FSR. Such taller, bulkier towers may have negative impacts such as increased shadowing on public or semi-private open space and reduction of views and sunlight for neighbouring projects. Double-height ceiling spaces also have the potential to be illegally infilled - 6 - with floor area that would exceed permitted density and may not comply with Building Code requirements. To deal with this tower bulk issue, proposed amendments to the Downtown South Guidelines include more specific shadow criteria to reduce shadow impacts on public open space and major shopping streets (Section 2.6 above) as well as maximum tower floor plate sizes to limit building bulk (Section 4.1.3 above). The constraints imposed by Council adopted view corridors would, of course, remain. In addition, staff have explored options for further controlling tower bulk as follows: a) Allow for lofts in double-height spaces by calculating floor space ratio within the units at 1.4 times the floor area (i.e., lofts at 40% of the floor area below), based on one of several Building Code parameters by which mezzanines can be permitted (suggested by the developer of a number of loft projects): This option addresses only the circumstances where double-height units may be legally infilled with lofts after occupancy of the unit. In cases where lofts have been indicated in the development permit submission, the loft area would, of course, be included in the FSR calculations. (Note: The Building Code does allow lofts at greater than 40% of the floor area below - see memo from Permits and Licences in Appendix F*.). Staff conclude this option represents the status quo and could introduce other technical FSR problems where lofts greater in area than 40% of the floor below are proposed. b) Count floor-to-floor heights over 12'0" as two times floor space ratio (as done in RS-1 zones): This option is the simplest method of restricting additional bulk generated by loft units and does overcome the problem of future illegal infilling of the double- height space by allocating FSR in advance for this possibility. However, charging FSR to this double-height volume was also seen to be quite onerous and would likely curtail much, it not all, future loft development which a segment of the marketplace has embraced. c) Specify a maximum tower height based on an average floor-to-floor height multiplied by the proposed number of storeys, thereby allowing flexibility for some extra ceiling height: Two variations of this option are put forward as CONSIDERATION C1 or C2. CONSIDERATION C1 proposes a 10 ft. floor-to-floor averaging throughout the development, thereby permitting floor-to-floor height in excess of the 8'6" to 9'0" standard to be distributed at the discretion of the developer. For example, some double-height (16 ft.) floors would be permitted if these are balanced by an appropriate number of standard height floors (approximately 5 standard height floors to average out - 7 - one double-height floor). Or, the developer may opt to build units with predominantly 10 ft. floor-to-floor heights (9' to 9'6" ceiling heights). Irrespective of a developer s choice on how to achieve the 10 ft. average, the resultant tower height would still be subject to view corridors and shadow assessment on open space and shopping streets. This option would ensure compact, generously spaced buildings that minimize shadow impacts. However, while still accommodating approximately 10% more tower volume for some additional ceiling height, this option would constrain the percentage of double height (loft) units that could be accommodated and therefore housing choices in the communtiy. CONSIDERATION C2 is based on the same principles as C1, except that the height allowance is derived by averaging floor-to-floor heights at 12 ft. instead of 10 ft. This option allows for more generous ceiling heights, including a greater percentage of double-height (loft) units, that provide a wider variety of unit types. However, the additional building volume of this option would generate additional shadow and view impacts since proposals would likely be at maximum tower height and width and would be straining against other massing controls. Alternatively, should Council not be concerned about an increase in the number of 300 ft. high towers and in response to concerns about too many regulations and guidelines being imposed, staff put forward the option that would not pursue any floor-to-floor control. This option is put forward under CONSIDERATION C3. Public and Industry Comment The advantages and disadvantages of regulating floor-to-floor height have been debated at length. Due to the controversial nature of this topic, staff have consulted the Urban Development Institute, the Architectural Institute of B.C., a number of architects and developers active in the Downtown South area at an open house, the Urban Design Panel, and the Downtown South Redevelopment Impacts Committee. Detailed comments are included in Appendix D*. The Downtown South Redevelopment Impacts Committee strongly supports regulations to prevent the additional tower bulk generated through loft unit development. They were concerned that it has taken too long to bring forward regulations that will control what they consider a serious problem. The Urban Design Panel felt that additional tower bulk was a potential problem that could compromise the advantages of slim towers in Downtown South. The method of regulation should provide a degree of flexibility so as not to hamper good design. The development industry has mixed opinions on this issue. Some were concerned that the absence of controls for floor-to-floor heights may foster abuse of over-height ceiling spaces and result in taller, bulkier buildings. Other members of the development industry felt that enough regulations were already in place and that more regulations would hinder variety and discourage market - 8 - options. However, if the City was intent on bringing in new controls, the 10 ft. floor-to-floor averaging approach appears to be preferable to a 12 ft. FSR double-counting regulation. Participants did not comment on the 12 ft. floor-to-floor averaging approach, as it was introduced by staff following community discussions to add more flexibility. Some architects attending an open house on the subject felt that the additional tower volume generated by double-height units was not a problem. After consideration of the issues and comments received from these consultations, staff put forward CONSIDERATION C1, C2, or C3. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS Increased requirements for landscaping and greenery in the lanes will improve the air quality and livability of the neighbourhood. SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS Amendments to the guidelines to address safety and security concerns, lessen shadow impacts and minimize impact on private views all contribute to a more livable neighbourhood. CONCLUSIONS The proposed amendments to the DODP and the Downtown South Guidelines will address concerns about shadowing, safety and security, tower massing and other issues, and will provide future developments in Downtown South with more clarity and precision while still allowing considerable design and site planning flexibility. Staff recommend that the amendments to the DODP be referred to Public Hearing. * * * * * Proposed Downtown Official Development Plan Amendments (RECOMMENDATION A) Amendments are in italics, bold type APPLICATION AND INTENT The intent, in the adoption of this Downtown Official Development Plan and the accompanying guidelines is as follows: 7) to create a distinctive public realm and a unique and pleasing streetscape in the downtown. SECTION 1 Land Use In the areas denoted by the letters 'L' and 'N' on Map 1, the following uses may be permitted. (h) Live/work uses * - 2 - In the area denoted by the letter 'M' on Map 1 the following uses may be permitted. (h) Live/work uses * * to be further defined during preparation of the draft by-law for Public Hearing. SECTION 4 Height of Buildings In areas 'L' and 'M' the height of a building on a corner site with a frontage less than 175 ft. or an interior site with a frontage less than 200 ft. shall not exceed 70 ft., except for low cost housing and social housing projects where the Development Permit Board may permit an increase in height to a maximum of 120 ft. for the purpose of accommodating extra density for low cost housing and social housing developments, provided that it first considers: (a) the size and location of the site; (b) the intent of this Schedule, all applicable policies and guidelines adopted by Council and the relationship of the development with nearby residential areas; (c) the bulk, location and overall design of the building and its effect on the site, surrounding buildings and streets and existing views; (d) the amount of open space, and the effects of overall design on the general amenity of the area; (e) the provision for pedestrian amenities and public realm requirements; (f) the preservation of the character and general amenity desired for the area; and (g) the submission of any advisory group, property owner or tenant. SECTION 7 Public Realm Design The purpose of this section is to help create distinctive areas and neighbourhoods in the downtown through the enhancement of the public realm with special treatment of the streetscape. The City has developed plans and guidelines for the design of the public realm for those areas highlighted on Map 6. In addition to park designs and the normally required street designs, special public realm designs shall be provided in the denoted areas. Buildings, semi-public open spaces and setback areas should be designed and detailed to complement the design of the public realm. Streetscape - 3 - designs as outlined in Council-adopted guidelines, manuals, and policies will form an integral part of development permit applications. Aspects to consider include, but are not limited to: setback requirements, paving, lighting, planting, driveway crossings, pedestrian entrances and walks, seating, display windows, weather protection, garbage storage, and loading facilities. APPENDIX C PAGE 1 OF 4 CONSIDERATION C1 (10 Ft. Floor-to-Floor Averaging) Further Amendments to the Downtown South Guidelines Further Amendments are in Italics and Bold Type 4.1.4 Floor-to-Floor Height Generally, the development industry s standard residential floor-to-floor dimension is 8'6" to 9'0" yielding ceiling heights of 8'0" to 8'6". This dimension provides a standard of livability within dwelling units that has long been accepted by urban and suburban dwellers. In some instances higher ceiling heights are desired to accommodate different markets and, to a degree, this can be accommodated subject to the limits imposed by view corridors, shadow criteria, floor plate size, and other guideline parameters. Therefore, within the maximum heights permitted in the Downtown Official Development Plan and subject to the limits imposed by view corridors, and other criteria in these guidelines, floor-to-floor heights may be adjusted through the following 10 ft. floor-to-floor averaging formula. a) the overall height should be calculated by using a 10'0" floor-to-floor height multiplied by the number of floors proposed in the development. Note: For the purposes of this calculation, lofts or mezzanines which generate more than 10% open to below area are not counted as floors. b) On those sites where tower massing and height are particularly sensitive (i.e., where shadowing of public open space or Granville or Davie Streets may occur) a standard floor-to-floor height should be used. - 4 - APPENDIX C Page 3 of 4 CONSIDERATION C2 (12 Ft. Floor-to-Floor Averaging) Further Amendments to the Downtown South Guidelines Further Amendments are in Italics and Bold Type 4.1.4 Floor-to-Floor Height Generally, the development industry s standard residential floor-to-floor dimensions is 8'6" to 9'0" yielding ceiling heights of 8'0" to 8'6". This dimension provides a standard of livability within dwelling units that has long been accepted by urban and suburban dwellers. In some instances higher ceiling heights are desired to accommodate different markets and, to a degree, this can be accommodated subject to the limits imposed by view corridors, shadow criteria, floor plate size, and other guideline parameters. Therefore, within the maximum heights permitted in the Downtown Official Development Plan and subject to the limits imposed by view corridors, and other criteria in these guidelines, floor-to-floor heights may be adjusted through the following 12 ft. floor-to-floor averaging formula. a) the overall height should be calculated by using a 12'0" floor-to-floor height multiplied by the number of floors proposed in the development. Note: For the purposes of this calculation, lofts or mezzanines which generate more than 10% open to below area are not counted as floors. b) On those sites where tower massing and height are particularly sensitive (i.e., where shadowing of public open space or Granville or Davie Streets may occur) a standard floor-to-floor height should be used. APPENDIX E Page 1 of 3 DOWNTOWN SOUTH DESIGN REVIEW Proposed Revisions ISSUE PROPOSED REVISIONS 2.4 Private views - require slim towers protected - spacing of towers - i.e. offset - siting of tower - 5 - ISSUE PROPOSED REVISIONS 2.6 Shadowing - impacts on a hierarchy of spaces in order of - of parks importance - of open space - parks - of public realm - public open space - Davie Street & Granville Street - semi-private and private open space - buildings over 35 ft. high require a shadow impact analysis - new developments should not shadow beyond property line of parks and public open spaces - towers opposite or next to park or public open space cannot cast shadow for more than 1 hour between 10:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. - new developments on Davie Street - should not cast shadow beyond curb line on north side of Davie - no shadow from towers cast on sidewalk at noon - towers generate maximum 2 hours of shadow on semi-private open spaces on neighbouring developments between 10:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. 2.10 Safety and Security - separate parking for residents from visitors and commercial parking - secure with gate - use strong materials in construction of separation - allow for visual surveillance between areas - secure visitor parking at night from general public access - install phone or buzzer systems at parking entrance - create separate internal corridor from visitor parking to outside buzzer system; do not mix circulation areas - paint walls of parking garages and bicycle storage areas - provide special security for units opening onto semi-private spaces - secure project open spaces that are at or near grade - doors and windows of ground level units should face the street for visual surveillance - reduce opportunities for graffiti and skateboarding 2.11 Lanes - not enough greenery - upgrade appearance and servicing of lanes; more in lanes landscaping - too much hard surface - improve appearance of porte-cocheres with lobbies, and blank, entrances and landscaped areas adjacent unattractive walls - 6 - ISSUE PROPOSED REVISIONS Street Access - curb cuts from - all vehicular access from the lane streets disrupt - allow street access only where there is no lane or streetscape for extraordinary sites sharing lanes with Granville Street; subject to conditions - require continuation of the streetscape, incorporate landscaping into design Porte-Cocheres - increase design and landscaping requirements in general - provide landscape buffer between lane and porte-cocheres to offset hard surfaces 4.1.1 Height and Length of Developments - not enough massing in - minimum streetwall height of 30 feet street wall - restricted uses in - allow flexibility and combination of uses for units podium with direct access to street - allow uses to change within self-contained units - clear views from street into landscaped open spaces - open space in street - high quality detailing and design considerations for wall building(s), display gardens, facade treatment, landscaping, etc. 4.1.2 Tower Height Shadow - shadow impact of - overall tower height to be evaluated against taller buildings on hierarchial criteria for public objectives public open spaces - ie. shadow, private views, etc. - maximum height limits - in DODP, relaxation of 70' height limit to 120 ft. of 70' for 3.0 FSR for non-market housing projects projects too low to accommodate density for non-market housing 4.1.3 Tower Floorplate Size - floorplates too - maximum dimension of 90 feet large, do not result - 6500 sq.ft. max. floorplate size in slim towers - open balconies can project beyond limits, enclosed balconies cannot - guide to maximum tower floor plate size to encourage taller, slimmer towers; width of tower decreases as height increases - some minor projections allowed into front yard setback above 80 feet in height - 7 - ISSUE PROPOSED REVISIONS *** 4.1.4 Floor to floor - a variety of floor-to-floor heights permitted within heights limits set by an averaging formula - double height units result in taller 4.1.2 Front yard setback - no change in setback - no change - emphasized in DODP 4.1.3 Side Yard setbacks - no change 4.1.4 Rear Yard Setbacks - rear yard setback reduced from 30 ft. to 10 ft. to - setback rules too allow for more creative site planning complicated - corner sites to extend building element to rear property line at lane edge to continue streetscape to lane - landscaping of rear yard setback is required 4.3 Parking require parking entrances to be architecturally - parking entrances treated and have landscaping incorporated wherever are dark possible holes with blank walls 4.4 Horizontal Angle of Daylight - relaxation of horizontal angle of daylight for projects with max. 3.0 FSR provided 20 ft. of - too restrictive and unobstructed view is maintained may compromise massing for smaller projects 5.5 Lower Floors of Buildings - main floor of residential units should be located - residential units at 3'0" above the street to promote privacy but still grade experience allow for surveillance of the street from the unit overlook from the street 5.5.3 Lane Edges - lanes are bleak and - no blank walls facing the lane unwelcoming - more landscaping and architectural treatment of lane facades 7.3 Private Open Space - min. balcony size of - allow for "French" balconies 49 sq.ft. was - allow for surveillance of public realm from private inconsistent with outdoor spaces trend to smaller units - 8 - ISSUE PROPOSED REVISIONS 8.1.4 Garden Setback Area - display garden area - ramps must be provided but not by displacing was being displaced landscaping for ramps for disabled access 8.3 Pacific Boulevard - sites which front on - front yard setback, streetscape and massing on Pacific fall between Pacific Boulevard should respond to False Creek North Downtown South and Official Development Plan; remainder of project False Creek North should respond to Downtown South Guidelines Guidelines - 9 - R:\CC\REPORTS\P&E\NOV7\PE3.